"Our findings suggest that while antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 may fade relatively quickly, long-term immunity to the virus may be generated in the form of memory responses, including that of memory T cells," says Roan. "To confer lasting and effective immunity against COVID-19, vaccination strategies should strongly consider approaches that, in addition to generating neutralizing antibodies, elicit long-lived and multi-functional T cells against SARS-CoV-2."