you might pull the carb off the car and leave the top off, hook up the fuel line and crank on the car to force fuel all the way through.
that way you don't put more into the oil, unless you didn't change it yet.
and can catch any more stuff that comes in.

since you have a rubber line, cut it at the middle and toss a filter in there. nothing says you can't.
you might eventually go find some pipe adapters to make a place you can add a filter at the inlet of the carb.