From Section 14.1 of the 2020 FIA Formula 1 technical regulations:

All cars must be fitted with a fire extinguishing system which will discharge into the cockpit
and into the engine compartment.
Any extinguishant listed in the Appendix to the Technical and Sporting Regulations is
permitted.
The quantity of extinguishant may vary according to the type of extinguishant used, a list of
quantities may be found in the Appendix to the Technical and Sporting Regulations.
When operated, the fire extinguishing system must discharge 95% of its contents at a
constant pressure in no less than 10 seconds and no more than 30 seconds




It goes on, but yes, F1 cars do have on board fire suppression systems. Given the severity of this crash and the associated damage, I'm sure the system was damaged to the point of not functioning.