I have wondered
"how is the best way to test a battery to determine its health and expected remaining lifetime?"
There is a standard test to determine the "internal resistance" of a battery's guts.
You let a fully charged batery discharge two different currents through two known resistances then solve a equation for the unknown.
I have a 15 year old Snap On tester
that measures the voltage drop when a load of 130 amps is applied.
If i added extra resistance that would reduce the load to about 65 amps i could use the two tests to calculate the internal resistance by hand.
I have thought about buying this $160 tester:
https://www.amazon.com/Associated-Equipm...uct_top?ie=UTF8It automates calculating the internal resistance
plus gives you other estimations.